Sunday, February 26, 2012

The Fascinating History of the Dahlia

 

Dahlia I by Caroline Kelly

Do you love dahlias as much as I do?  The incredible variety of size, shape and coloration in today’s dahlias results from a fascinating history of cultivation. 

A few years ago I became so obsessed with the dahlias (which I am fundamentally unable to grow) that I spent some time researching its history.  So get a cup of tea and join me on a winding, colorful walk through the garden of the past.  

black_red_dahlia.jpg Dahlia image by tonisara1

 DAHLIA1.jpg Dahlia image by jblumsdon

   DSC06190.jpg sunlight on dahlia image by janmellon

As the photos here show, the magnificence of the modern dahlia is largely a function of its complex petal structure and color variety.  But the original dahlia was much more humble.  Today’s cultivated species originated from a simple Mexican wildflower, so common as to be considered a weed, and with only only eight petals and few colors. 

To understand how this happened, we must go back to Mexico shortly after the end of the Aztec Empire.  The year is 1552.  The place is the heart of Mexico:  Tenochtitlan, or Mexico City. 

For over forty years, the city has been in the hands of the Spanish conquistadores.  The last Aztec dictator, Montezuma, is dead. 

Deep in the Aztec quarter of the city, a school operates for the education and Christianization of Aztec boys.  It is known as the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco.  A young Aztec student named Juannes Badianus has written a botanical treatise on the fundamentals of the very sophisticated Native botanical practice.  When Juannes is finished with the manuscript, it is translated into the Latin by Martinus de la Cruz, another talented Aztec student at the colegio.   

colegio

El Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco

The manuscript these two produce will be known to history as the Badianus Manuscript.  It is the first known compendium of medicinal plants in the New World. 

The manuscript contains a depiction of a simple eight-petaled wild dahlia, below, included in the manuscript because the Aztecs valued these wild flowers for their many medicinal qualities.  Scholars believe the drawing is the species we now know as Dahlia coccinea, one of the many wild Mexican dahlias. 

  badianusmanuscriptdahlia1542

This illustration may be the first recorded example of a wild Mexican dahlia—or any dahlia, for that matter.   Although scholars are not unified in in this belief, what is clear is that this stylized illustration does resemble a wild Mexican dahlia, characterized by its “single flowered” structure—that is, a flat, eight-petaled arrangement.  Almost always, wild dahlias possess this single-flowered structure.

dahlia.jpg dahlia image by vballchic_2211

 1712dahl.jpg Dahlia image by avoca39

 dahliawhite.jpg Dahlia white image by redwood81

It is now almost a hundred years later.  Back in Spain, King Philip II has commissioned a book of medicinal plants from the New World.  It will be authored by the King’s personal physician, Francisco Hernandez.  

This huge work, known as Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae, is even larger and more far-reaching than the Badianus Manuscript.  After many revisions and additions, it is finally published in Rome, many years after its author’s death.   

The Rerun Medicarum contains illustrations of many flowers that will later be called dahlias.  One of them points to a mystery that scholars and scientists today have yet to unravel.  The flower in this illustration is a double variety—that is, having two “layers” of petals. 

Because the known wild dahlias are “single flowered,” with eight petals, and given the long history of dahlia cultivation in Aztec culture, it is presumed that the illustration shows a dahlia that people have cultivated.  But no one knows how or where, or by whom, the cultivation was done.  The other two depictions in the Rerum Medicarum are of single flowers.   

dahlia.jpg Dahlia image by vendettachrncls

DelectableDahlia.jpg Delectable Dahlia image by pholawit_p

It is now over a hundred years later—the late 1700s. 

Jose Antonio Cavanilles is director of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Spain, and a major figure in world botanical circles.  In about 1788 or 1789, Cavanilles receives a shipment of seeds from a Mexican botanical garden.  He plants these and records his findings as they grow.  Among the resulting plants are three that are unusual enough that he later classifies them as a new species.  He calls them “dahlia” after his friend, the Swedish botanist Andreas Dahl.  

The first of Cavanilles’ recorded dahlias appears in 1791.  He names it d. pinnata.  It is a double-headed flower.

"Dahlia pinnata"

Cavanilles’ drawing of Dahlia pinnata, ca. 1791

Later, in 1796, he records two others, d. rosea and d. coccinea.  Both are single-headed.

 Cavanilles’ drawing of Dahlia coccinea, ca. 1796.  

Once again, a double-headed dahlia is recorded in Europe but not attributed to cultivators in Mexico.   Because of the scarcity of double-headed dahlias in nature, it is generally presumed that Cavanilles’ seeds came from cultivated plants.  But from where?  And—cultivated by whom? 

By 1800, there is widespread interest in Europe for plants of the New World.  In 1802 Cavanilles sends dahlia seeds to the Paris Museum of Natural History, and elsewhere in Europe.   Each successive sowing shows the species’ remarkable variability, bringing new colors and shapes.

In Berlin, dahlias are mistakenly re-classified as a different species for a fourth edition of Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum. This “new” species is named Georgina.  Thus, the plant is known both as Georgina and Dahlia for many years before the duplication of naming was discovered and corrected.  In some parts of Eastern Europe, “georgina” is still used to name a garden dahlia. 

dahlia.jpg Dahlia image by cheddarchick

 Yellow_Dahlia.jpg flower image by Angellin16

 red_white_dahlia_macro_SM4281.jpg dahlia image by Scarlet_Mongoose

 Dahlia21.jpg Dahlia image by threeleven311

 lovender-dahlia-2a1024x768.jpg Fuscia Dahlia image by lolitvalle52

 dahlia.jpg My Dahlia image by gameangler

By 1934, over 14,000 dahlia cultivars are recognized.  Much of the work of developing these strains has occurred in England, and history has obscured the Mexican heritage of this most popular garden flower.

In particular, the question has remained unanswered of whether the first “double” dahlias were cultivated or occurred in the wild. 

Today, the dahlia is the national flower of Mexico, and the presumed original species, dahlia coccinea, grows wild on the mountainsides as it did many hundreds of years ago.  

dahlia

 Wild D. coccinea

Reading List: 

The Dahlia, An Early History from Harvard University’s Arnold Arboretum

Stanford Dahlia Project

All Rights Reserved, The Blue Kimono, 2011. 

Unless otherwise marked, photographs come from www.photobucket.com, and you can find their titles and artists by scrolling over the images. Other unmarked photos are in the public domain.

23 comments:

Anonymous said...

Those pictures are amazingly beautiful! What a gorgeous flower! Very interesting story to go along with it! It's so fascinating how the history of a flower can be recorded through the centuries in that way!

Eleonora Baldwin said...

I love the way you make scientific notions sound like a mystery! The Black Dahlia by James Ellroy comes to mind too.

And those images are beautiful!

Ciao pen pal...

paperbatty said...

Fascinating post. Who knew? I'll always think of this story now when I see dahlias and probably tell it too often to my boyfriend, who will get tired of hearing it but will nonetheless pass it on. You've started something.

Tessa said...

Absolutely fascinating, Sallymandy - and the photos are sublime. The history of flowers is so compelling, no matter what variety. I wonder if you've read Anna Pavord's wonderful history of one of my favourite flowers, 'The Tulip'?

I've spent ages catching up on your posts since my return from Turkey and found them all - as always - to be fascinating and informative. Your posts on the Black Dog were so illuminating, so eloquently and so thoughtfully written - thank you so much for being brave enough to share all that with us. Thank you, too, for the lovely award - I shall treasure that ...coming as it does from you. The quote from Voltaire is so perfectly apt...our readers are precious, aren't they? Bless you, Sallymandy, I'm so happy I 'know' you.

Frugal Scholar said...

Your posts always leave me speechless. (That's why I don't comment very much). Great title, by the way.

Kayleigh said...

Absolutely captivating! I was riveted to the history, you told it so well, and those photos are gorgeous.

Makes me want to go out and plant dahlias, like my grandmother had in her garden :)

Pyzahn said...

Wow, you certainly know your dahlia history. I've really fallen in love with these flowers in the past few years. But unlike others, I don't care for the saucer size specimens. I love the double ones you feature. Unfortunately I don't have enough sun in my yard to accommodate a large selection.

Also, LOVE that title for a novel.

La Belette Rouge said...

I love Dahlia's especially the HUGE ones. This is such a fascinating post. I love reading the secret history of objects. I will be secretly hoping that the Dahlia will share one of its heads with you and help co-write your novel.

ceecee said...

I must return to read the entire story. I hardly ever see Dahlias. Wonder why. They really are gorgeous. I will definitely return when I have more time today. I love a good 'flower' story.
Catherine xx

drollgirl said...

dahlias are AMAZING!!! i recently tried painting one for my grandma's 90th birthday since it is her favorite flower. let's just say IT WAS A NIGHTMARE TO PAINT! ahahhahaha. it would have been a lot easier to give her real dahlias, for sure!

Ingrid Mida said...

Flowers are one of my favourite things. Thank you for writing such an enlightening post about dahlias. The photos are exquisite.

Stephanie N. said...

I am SO going to owe you a margarita if I ever end up on Jeopardy and there's a category about flowers.

Patsy said...

Beautiful, beautiful, lush photographs! I went through a phase when all I wanted was the lush colorful, high intensity dahlias and zinnias.

They scream tropical and I love it.

Lorna////// thanks for this lovely post.

Pamela Terry and Edward said...

Just an exquisite flower. So many different faces. A good friend of mine grows them...they are her favourite flower. So much so in fact, she named her new daughter...you guessed it...Dahlia!

Anonymous said...

Beautiful photos! As for somethings that remain a mystery, we can always blame it on the Aliens....can you tell that testosterone in the house is finally getting to me ;D

Marilynne said...

I don't know how you happen to know all that. I'm impressed. I've always loved dahlias, but I never knew their story.

Sheila said...

Gorgeous pictures! Those are some of my very favourite dahlias. Every year here, there is an agricultural fair - one of the best exhibits of dahlias I have ever seen. I have a brown thumb, but I love to look at them.

I love that you posted them with the wonderful history!

Susan B said...

Wow, that's fascinating and the pictures are gorgeous. I was an Ornamental Horticulture major (long story), so histories of plants are always intruiging to me.

ceecee said...

Mexico is one of my favorite destinations and I never knew this history. My visits will be richer now from knowing it. Thanks Sallymandy.
Catherine

Mardel said...

Absolutely fascinating post! And the Dahlia photos are gorgeous and completely drool-worthy. I adore dahlias, the bigger and brighter the better. I suffer because there is not enough sun in most of the yard to grow them. This might drive me to cultivate the wild, rocky, sunny side of the property.

sallymandy said...

Everyone, thanks. I do love dahlias. I see them every August at our little, corny, sentimental and old fashioned county fair. There are some fabulous growers around here. I'll knock people over and growl at my family to make sure I get to see the dahlias at the fair. I stand there and drool and am speechless with what they look like, sitting on this old table in old peanut butter jars. Maybe this August I'll take photos. Last August's dahlia-fest led me to find this fascinating history that I posted today.

Lola: I also found the true story that's the basis for the Black Dahlia book. Truly icky. How's the book???

Claus said...

I grow dahlias in my back patio. I have single and double, yellow and fucsia dahlias(like the one in the picture between the white and almost pink one...almost at the beginning of the entry). They are indeed a gorgeous flower. Did not know the history of it though, which is why I found your entry deeply informative! Thanks!

Woman in a Window said...

Terribly intriguing flowers, even just the images alone, never mind all of the mystery around them. I'm buying what you sell even if you were niggled straight by some.